Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is crucial for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, offe
Geotechnical exploration techniques are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of in situ exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include boreholes, geophysical techniques such a
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation o